ABSTRACT
Studies showed that the use of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) substitutes or intracellular cAMP activators increased intracellular cAMP level,causing anti-inflammatory effects.This study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment with meglumine cyclic adenylate (MCA),a compound of meglumine and cAMP,on systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats.Eighteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6 each):control group (NS group),LPS group (LPS group) and LPS with MCA pretreatment group (MCA group).Systemic inflammation was induced with LPS 10 mg/kg injected via the femoral vein in LPS and MCA groups.In MCA group,MCA 2 mg/kg was injected via the femoral vein 20 min before LPS injection,and the equal volume of normal saline was given in NS and LPS groups at the same time.Three hours after LPS injection,the blood samples were taken from the abdominal aorta for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,IL-10,cAMP by ELISA and NF-r Bp65 expression by Western blotting.The experimental results showed that inflammatory and antiinflammatory indices were increased in LPS group compared to NS group;inflammatory indices were declined and anti-inflammatory indices were increased in MCA group relative to LPS group.Our study suggested that MCA pretreatment may attenuate LPS-induced systemic inflammation.
ABSTRACT
Persistent pain is prevalent in the elderly population, although it is not an inevitable part of aging. It is important to understand how to manage pain effectively in old age, particularly because an increasing number of individuals are becoming older, or living longer. Several problems, less common in younger adults, may complicate the treatment of pain. An accurate pain assessment is required for the most efficient strategy of pain treatment. Challenges to an effective pain assessment include: pain underreporting by patients, atypical manifestations of pain in elderly, age-associated pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes to specific drugs, other general age-related changes, and misconceptions about tolerance or addiction to opioids. However, physicians are able to provide geriatric patients with appropriate analgesia by using comprehensive assessment involving a multidisciplinary approach, and the appropriate use of various treatment modalities.